2020 tables: Institutions

The 2020 tables are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019.

Table criteria

# Institution Share 2018 Share 2019 Count 2019 Change in Adjusted Share* 2018–2019
1 National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Italy 136.00 136.10 707 -3.2%
2 National Research Council (CNR), Italy 103.48 97.20 500 -9.1%
3 Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 39.17 50.31 382 24.3%
4 Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Italy 40.54 46.21 226 10.3%
5 University of Padova (UNIPD), Italy 42.58 46.19 320 5.0%
6 Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Italy 40.51 44.80 172 7.0%
7 University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Italy 25.57 34.74 219 31.4%
8 University of Bologna (UNIBO), Italy 33.43 32.67 307 -5.4%
9 National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Italy 33.26 30.80 170 -10.4%
10 Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Italy 28.13 29.44 95 1.3%
11 University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), Italy 25.15 26.35 301 1.4%
12 University of Florence (UNIFI), Italy 34.25 24.94 188 -29.5%
13 University of Milan (UNIMI), Italy 29.07 22.02 215 -26.7%
14 University of Turin (UNITO), Italy 33.48 21.92 246 -36.6%
15 Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy 15.32 20.27 82 28.1%
16 University of Pisa (UNIPI), Italy 24.20 20.21 254 -19.2%
17 National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), Italy 24.71 18.02 65 -29.4%
18 Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Italy 16.17 16.23 133 -2.9%
19 University of Trento (UNITN), Italy 14.91 15.45 163 0.3%
20 University of Pavia (UNIPV), Italy 15.67 15.27 213 -5.7%
21 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy 17.72 14.39 159 -21.4%
22 University of Salerno (UNISA), Italy 11.92 13.41 80 8.8%
23 University of Roma Tre, Italy 10.10 11.21 114 7.4%
24 University of Trieste (UNITS), Italy 9.78 9.59 152 -5.1%
25 University of Bari Aldo Moro (UniBA), Italy 6.19 9.42 159 47.3%
26 University of Parma (UNIPR), Italy 8.95 9.15 47 -1.1%
27 Scuola Normale Superiore (SNS), Italy 7.57 9.12 150 16.6%
28 University of Genova, Italy 13.30 8.52 217 -38.0%
29 University of Calabria (UNICAL), Italy 6.25 8.11 85 25.5%
30 University of Cagliari (UNICA), Italy 7.60 7.95 68 1.1%
31 University of Verona (UNIVR), Italy 2.90 7.93 37 164.6%
32 Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy 8.26 7.72 53 -9.5%
33 Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Italy 8.92 7.71 40 -16.3%
34 Telethon Foundation, Italy 3.08 6.22 33 95.2%
35 University of Perugia, Italy 10.86 5.99 160 -46.6%
36 University of Siena (UNISI), Italy 4.77 5.62 83 14.1%
37 University of Catania, Italy 9.47 5.47 120 -44.1%
38 National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Italy 8.90 5.40 40 -41.3%
39 University of Eastern Piedmont "Amedeo Avogadro" (UNIPMN), Italy 4.54 5.05 141 7.7%
40 Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC), Italy 7.22 4.99 25 -33.1%
41 University of Salento, Italy 4.24 4.76 78 8.6%
42 University of Insubria, Italy 2.45 4.65 27 83.4%
43 University of Chieti (Ud'A), Italy 2.25 4.44 24 90.7%
44 University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Italy 5.52 4.29 49 -24.9%
45 Catholic University of the Sacred Heart (UCSC), Italy 3.01 3.92 29 26.1%
46 University of Brescia (UNIBS), Italy 5.40 3.78 45 -32.3%
47 University of Ferrara (UNIFE), Italy 5.47 3.74 83 -33.9%
48 University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Italy 3.16 3.22 29 -1.5%
49 University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy 6.06 3.15 27 -49.8%
50 Techint Group, Italy 2.80 2.78 12 -3.7%
51 University of Messina (UNIME), Italy 5.23 2.71 37 -49.9%
52 Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Italy 3.66 2.64 86 -30.2%
53 International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Italy 4.51 2.57 11 -44.8%
54 Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa (SSSA), Italy 1.03 2.47 18 131.5%
55 University of Udine (UNIUD), Italy 3.26 2.47 77 -26.7%
56 University of Palermo (UNIPA), Italy 5.10 2.46 38 -53.4%
57 Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Italy 2.31 2.44 12 2.2%
58 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli (SZN), Italy 2.27 2.43 14 3.7%
59 Italy Ministry of Health, Italy 1.91 2.27 85 15.0%
60 Italy Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR), Italy 1.00 2.25 6 118.0%
61 Marche Polytechnic University (UNIVPM), Italy 1.28 2.23 19 68.8%
62 Ca' Foscari University of Venice (UNIVE), Italy 1.74 2.13 19 18.6%
63 University of Urbino, Italy 1.01 2.08 37 99.1%
64 Institute for Scientific Interchange (ISI), Italy 2.02 1.98 9 -5.1%
65 Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy 2.12 1.98 115 -9.8%
66 Parthenope University of Naples, Italy 0.01 1.97 35 22915.9%
67 University of Camerino (UNICAM), Italy 1.95 1.95 25 -3.4%
68 Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Italy 1.22 1.80 30 43.6%
69 Bocconi University, Italy 0.69 1.79 4 152.7%
70 National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics (OGS), Italy 0.74 1.62 10 111.3%
71 IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Italy 0.33 1.59 5 359.5%
72 Eni s.p.a., Italy 1.00 1.47 4 42.0%
73 Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Italy 1.41 1.30 37 -11.1%
74 Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (UniBz), Italy 0.35 1.19 5 228.8%
75 Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Italy 2.51 1.09 7 -58.1%
76 University of Sassari (UniSS), Italy 1.78 1.05 14 -42.7%
77 World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO), Italy 0.93 3 N/A
78 Il Museo della Fisica e il Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi (Centro Fermi), Italy 0.74 0.93 37 20.8%
79 National Institute of Molecular Genetics “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi” (INGM), Italy 2.11 0.90 5 -58.9%
80 Fondazione Piemontese per la Ricerca sul Cancro Onlus (FPRC), Italy 4.05 0.89 6 -78.7%
81 National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Italy 0.42 0.80 6 84.9%
82 Italian Space Agency (ASI), Italy 1.43 0.75 12 -49.3%
83 University of Basilicata, Italy 0.85 0.71 90 -19.2%
84 European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Italy 0.63 6 N/A
85 Edmund Mach Foundation, Italy 0.85 0.59 4 -32.5%
86 Ceinge - Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. a r.l., Italy 0.39 0.56 9 39.6%
87 University of Magna Graecia (UMG), Italy 0.54 0.56 9 -0.3%
88 Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Italy 0.47 0.55 9 13.0%
89 Bioversity International, Italy 0.57 0.53 3 -9.5%
90 University of Bergamo, Italy 0.10 0.51 4 410.9%
91 Siena University Hospital, Italy 0.03 0.51 4 1475.2%
92 Laboratory of Environmental Modelling and Monitoring for Sustainable Development (LaMMA), Italy 0.50 1 N/A
92 Hospital Rovereto, Italy 0.50 1 N/A
93 Museo delle Civiltà, Italy 0.48 3 N/A
94 National Interuniversity Consortium for the Physical Sciences of Matter (CNISM), Italy 0.35 0.47 6 29.7%
95 BeDimensional Srl, Italy 0.29 0.47 4 54.9%
96 Niguarda Hospital, Italy 0.38 0.47 5 19.3%
97 South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Italy 0.05 0.44 1 760.2%
98 BIOGENERA SpA, Italy 0.44 1 N/A
99 University of Sannio, Italy 0.49 0.43 11 -16.4%
100 European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), Italy 0.14 0.42 11 180.9%
101 Optoelettronica Italia S.R.L. (Optoi), Italy 0.40 2 N/A
102 Civil Protection Department, Italy 0.27 0.40 2 43.5%
103 LyondellBasell Industries, Italy 0.36 1 N/A
104 Glass to Power Srl (G2P), Italy 0.36 2 N/A
105 European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Italy 0.69 0.36 12 -49.8%
106 European University Institute (EUI), Italy 0.17 0.33 1 93.5%
107 Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Italy 1.73 0.33 5 -81.4%
108 Compagnia di San Paolo, Italy 0.28 0.30 14 3.7%
109 Garofalo Health Care SpA (GHC), Italy 0.30 1 N/A
110 Fondazione Ri.MED, Italy 0.02 0.29 2 1161.4%
111 Costa Edutainment S.p.A, Italy 0.29 1 N/A
112 Human Technopole Foundation, Italy 0.27 4 N/A
113 Cyanagen Srl, Italy 0.28 0.25 1 -12.9%
114 Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Italy 0.06 0.24 3 295.0%
115 ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Italy 0.06 0.24 8 254.9%
116 Regione Lazio, Italy 0.08 0.24 2 177.3%
117 Toscana Life Science Foundation, Italy 0.36 0.24 1 -37.2%
118 G. Monasterio Foundation (FTGM), Italy 0.05 0.23 2 391.8%
119 Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Italy 0.23 1 N/A
120 Avantea s.r.l., Italy 0.15 0.23 1 43.0%
121 Guglielmo Marconi University (GMU), Italy 0.22 0.22 66 -3.4%
122 University of Tuscia (UNITUS), Italy 0.04 0.21 8 368.9%
123 MUSE - Museo delle Scienze di Trento, Italy 0.62 0.20 2 -68.3%
124 Azienda Sanitaria Locale - Roma 3 (ASL Roma 3), Italy 0.20 1 N/A
124 Azienda Ospedaliera Specialistica dei Colli (AORN Ospedali dei Colli), Italy 0.20 1 N/A
125 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Italy 0.19 2 N/A
126 Space Dynamics Services s.r.l. - SpaceDyS, Italy 0.19 1 N/A
126 Lincean Academy, Italy 0.19 1 N/A
127 Italy Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MiBACT), Italy 0.33 0.18 4 -47.0%
128 Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere, Italy 0.25 0.17 1 -35.5%
128 CIMA Research Foundation, Italy 0.33 0.17 1 -51.6%
129 Campus Bio-Medico University, Italy 1.31 0.15 2 -88.9%
130 GVM Care & Research, Italy 0.05 0.15 1 183.0%
130 Theoreo Srl, Italy 0.05 0.15 1 178.7%
130 Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Collegno e Pinerolo (ASL TO3), Italy 0.15 1 N/A
131 University Hospital of Verona, Italy 0.06 0.15 4 133.1%
132 Rome International Center for Materials Science of Superstripes (RICMASS), Italy 0.34 0.15 2 -58.3%
133 CBM s.c.r.l., Italy 0.14 1 N/A
133 Tholos Group s.r.l, Italy 0.14 1 N/A
133 GEM Foundation (Global Earthquake Model), Italy 0.14 1 N/A
134 Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Italy 0.05 0.14 5 154.3%
135 University of Foggia (UNIFG), Italy 0.11 0.13 20 11.1%
136 European School of Molecular Medicine (SEMM), Italy 0.13 4 N/A
137 Naicons s.r.l., Italy 0.04 0.13 1 178.2%
137 Farmaceutici Damor S.p.A., Italy 0.06 0.13 1 117.7%
137 Hydra Solutions s.r.l., Italy 0.13 1 N/A
137 San Filippo Neri Hospital, Italy 0.13 1 N/A
138 Foro Italico University of Rome, Italy 0.12 4 N/A
139 A.O.U. Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy 0.04 0.12 2 191.7%
140 ppqSense S.r.l., Italy 0.12 2 N/A
141 Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria "Ospedali Riuniti" Trieste, Italy 0.02 0.12 1 617.2%
141 San Luigi University Hospital, Italy 0.03 0.12 1 287.1%
141 Menarini Group, Italy 0.15 0.12 1 -23.2%
142 University of Molise (UNIMOL), Italy 0.62 0.12 6 -81.8%
143 Molecular Horizon srl, Italy 0.14 0.11 3 -22.6%
143 Master-up s.r.l., Italy 0.14 0.11 3 -22.6%
144 Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute (IZSLER), Italy 0.11 1 N/A
145 GENERA, Italy 0.03 0.10 1 248.4%
145 Hospital Brotzu, Italy 0.09 0.10 1 11.2%
145 Tecnologica S.r.l., Italy 0.10 1 N/A
145 Toirano's Caves, Italy 0.10 1 N/A
145 Museo Archeologico Del Finale, Italy 0.10 1 N/A
145 Comecer SpA, Italy 0.10 1 N/A
145 Saes Group, Italy 0.10 1 N/A
146 Parco Tecnologico Padano (PTP), Italy 0.05 0.09 1 81.8%
146 Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Italy 0.09 1 N/A
146 Chiesi Farmaceutici S. p. A., Italy 0.09 1 N/A
146 ARIANET s.r.l., Italy 0.09 1 N/A
147 Fondazione Città della Speranza, Italy 0.16 0.09 2 -44.3%
148 Azienda Ospedaliera Civile M.P. Arezzo, Italy 0.02 0.09 2 302.4%
149 Gaetano Pini Orthopaedic Institute, Italy 0.09 1 N/A
150 Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Italy 0.03 0.09 1 156.1%
151 University of Cassino and Southern Lazio (UNICAS), Italy 0.33 0.09 8 -74.3%
152 Clinica Veterinaria Lago Maggiore, Italy 0.08 1 N/A
153 Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Italy 0.07 1 N/A
153 Micro Photon Devices S.r.l. (MPD), Italy 0.07 1 N/A
154 Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Italy 0.38 0.07 2 -82.7%
155 Ospedale Cardinale Giovanni Panico, Italy 0.07 1 N/A
156 Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza Onlus (FPS), Italy 0.40 0.06 1 -84.9%
156 Politronica Inkjet Printing S.r.l., Italy 0.06 1 N/A
157 Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Italy 0.06 1 N/A
158 Maggiore Hospital, Italy 0.00 0.06 1 996.7%
158 CCR-IMA CCR-IMA Laboratory, Italy 0.06 0.06 1 -3.2%
158 AB Analitica Srl, Italy 0.06 1 N/A
159 Galliera Hospital, Italy 0.12 0.05 2 -56.8%
160 Fondazione Matilde Tettamanti Menotti De Marchi Onlus, Italy 0.05 1 N/A
161 Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Italy 0.05 1 N/A
162 Ulisse BioMed SRL, Italy 0.73 0.05 1 -93.4%
162 Piedmont Reference Center for Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention (CPO Piemonte), Italy 0.05 1 N/A
163 Italian Malacological Society (SIM), Italy 0.05 1 N/A
164 Avantea Foundation, Italy 0.08 0.05 1 -42.8%
164 Ananas Nanotech S.r.l., Italy 0.09 0.05 1 -51.6%
164 San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Italy 0.05 1 N/A
165 Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) degli Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy 0.18 0.04 3 -77.4%
166 ASST Lariana, Italy 0.04 2 N/A
167 Ecole Française de Rome, Italy 0.00 0.04 1 734.6%
168 ABIEL S.r.l., Italy 0.04 1 N/A
168 Clinica Santa Rita, Italy 0.04 1 N/A
168 Osservatorio Astronomico di Campo Catino (OACC), Italy 0.04 1 N/A
169 Dompé Corporate, Italy 0.04 2 N/A
170 Ospedale Civile San Giovanni di Dio, Italy 0.01 0.04 1 534.4%
170 SeeQC.EU, S.r.l., Italy 0.04 1 N/A
170 Genomix4Life Srl, Italy 0.04 1 N/A
171 Edo and Elvo Tempia Valenta Foundation (FEETV), Italy 0.21 0.04 1 -83.5%
171 Diatech Pharmacogenetics srl, Italy 0.04 1 N/A
172 Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l’Oriente (ISMEO), Italy 0.03 1 N/A
173 Club Alpino Italiano (CAI), Italy 0.10 0.03 1 -67.7%
173 Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Italy 0.03 1 N/A
174 Intesa Sanpaolo, Italy 0.12 0.03 3 -75.1%
174 Fondazione Cariplo, Italy 0.12 0.03 3 -75.1%
175 Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico Antonio Cao, Italy 0.03 2 N/A
176 Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze (ASF), Italy 0.03 0.03 2 -20.2%
177 Oncology Research Centre of Mercogliano (CROM), Italy 0.03 1 N/A
178 Acciaierie Venete S.p.A., Italy 0.00 0.03 1 18527.7%
179 University Hospitals Parma Medical Center, Italy 0.26 0.02 1 -90.7%
180 Ospedale di Parma, Italy 0.02 0.02 2 -5.6%
181 University of Teramo (UniTE), Italy 0.78 0.02 4 -97.5%
182 Geomatics Research & Development s.r.l. (GReD), Italy 0.02 1 N/A
183 Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Italy 0.02 0.02 2 5.5%
184 European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and Water Column Observatory, European Research Infrastructure Consortium (EMSO ERIC), Italy 0.02 1 N/A
185 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Toscana (IZSLT), Italy 0.02 1 N/A
186 Institute for the Study and Prevention of Cancer (ISPRO), Italy 0.05 0.02 1 -68.4%
187 AOU Policlinico Gaetano Martino, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
188 Personal Genomics Srl, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
189 Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
190 Chamber of Commerce of Avellino, Italy 0.02 0.01 2 -40.5%
191 Academy of Sciences, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
192 Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria (UNIRC), Italy 0.46 0.01 4 -97.9%
193 Bellaria Hospital, Italy 0.00 0.01 1 279.6%
194 Genextra S.p.A., Italy 0.01 2 N/A
194 Mario Negri Sud Foundation (FMNS), Italy 0.01 2 N/A
195 Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Italy 0.14 0.01 1 -93.8%
196 Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catanzaro (ASPCZ), Italy 0.08 0.01 1 -90.1%
197 Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Italy 0.02 0.01 1 -57.7%
198 Tethys Research Institute, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
199 Enel S.p.A., Italy 0.01 0.01 2 -27.9%
200 Azienda ULSS 6 Vicenza, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
200 Azienda Ulss 12 Veneziana, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
200 Azienda per i Servizi Sanitari Integrati di Trento, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
200 Treviso General Hospital, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
200 Fondazione SSP, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
200 Rovigo Hospital, Italy 0.01 1 N/A
201 Bio4Dreams S.p.A., Italy 0.00 0.01 4 195.5%
202 Institute for Advanced Study (IUSS Pavia), Italy 0.10 0.01 3 -95.1%
203 Bari University Hospital, Italy 0.13 0.01 1 -96.3%
204 AstroCampania, Italy 0.00 1 N/A
205 ePhood SRL, Italy 0.00 3 N/A
206 Leonardo S.p.A., Italy 0.00 1 N/A
207 Azienda Ospedaliera Carlo Poma, Italy 0.00 1 N/A
208 United Hospitals Villa Sofia-Cervello, Italy 0.00 1 N/A
209 Hospital Amedeo di Savoia - Birago di Vische, Italy 0.00 1 N/A
210 Università Iuav di Venezia (IUAV), Italy 0.00 0.00 4 710.8%
211 ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Italy 0.07 0.00 1 -95.5%
211 San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Italy 0.00 1 N/A
212 Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (AIRC), Italy 0.00 2 N/A
213 University of Macerata (UNIMC), Italy 0.08 0.00 2 -97.0%
213 Istituto Nazionale per la Valutazione del Sistema Educativo di Istruzione e di Formazione (INVALSI), Italy 0.00 2 N/A
213 Orientale University of Naples, Italy 0.00 2 N/A
213 University for Foreigners Perugia (UNISTRAPG), Italy 0.00 2 N/A
213 National Institute for Documentation, Innovation and Educational Research (INDIRE), Italy 0.00 2 N/A
214 San Salvatore Hospital, Italy 0.00 1 N/A
215 Cardiovascular Prevention Centre Udine, Italy 0.00 1 N/A
215 Cardiologia di Mercato S. Severino Hospital, Italy 0.00 1 N/A
216 International Institute for Advanced Scientific Studies (IIASS), Italy 0.00 1 N/A
217 Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Italy 0.00 1 N/A
218 AREA Science Park, Italy 0.00 0.00 1 -68.2%
219 Fondazione Europea Ricerca Biomedica (FERB Onlus), Italy 0.02 0.00 1 -95.3%
220 Ospedale di Circolo, Italy 0.00 1 N/A
220 Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia (ACE), Italy 0.00 1 N/A
221 Italy Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea (MATTM), Italy 0.00 1 N/A
221 Italy Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies (MiPAAF), Italy 0.00 1 N/A
221 Italy Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), Italy 0.00 1 N/A
221 Italy Ministry of Infrastructures and Transport (MIT), Italy 0.00 1 N/A
222 ABB S.p.A., Italy 0.01 0.00 1 -98.4%
222 Ansaldo Ricerche S.p.A., Italy 0.01 0.00 1 -98.4%

Footnote

Each year, the Nature Index publishes tables based on counts of high-quality research outputs in the previous calendar year. Users please note:

  1. The data behind the tables are based on a relatively small proportion of total research papers, they cover the natural sciences only and outputs are non-normalized (that is, they don’t reflect the size of the country or institution, or its overall research output).
  2. The Nature Index is one indicator of institutional research performance. The metrics of Count and Share used to order Nature Index listings are based on an institution’s or country’s publication output in 82 natural-science journals through 2022, in 2023 64 health-science journals were added to the Index. The 146 journals in the Nature Index were selected on reputation by an independent panel of leading scientists in their fields.
  3. Nature Index recognizes that many other factors must be taken into account when considering research quality and institutional performance; Nature Index metrics alone should not be used to assess institutions or individuals.
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The Nature Index database undergoes regular updating, corrections, adjustment of institutional hierarchies, and removal of retracted papers and thus the live website can differ from the frozen annual tables.

*The change in adjusted Share accounts for the small annual variation in the total number of articles in Nature Index journals. Share values have been adjusted to 2022 levels to calculate the percentage change. For more information on the adjustment, please see the Adjusted metric explainer.